Harry Potter :- Web-Quest Activity

                                        This blog is a part of  my classroom activity on Web Quest on Harry Potter series in we have to search three best online sources and give argument and illustration for given point by Dr. Dilip Barad. To know more about Web Quest task click here to read professor's blog.

Click hear to see Webquest :~

Click hear to see rubric evaluation :~



1)    Feminist reading of Harmione’s character in Harry Potter

Hermione Granger, a good, loyal friend of Harry Potter. She is a manifestation of the author herself within the text. “Hermione is me,” Rowling has said in several interviews, “A caricature of me when I was younger”. She is not only as a strong female character, an essential part of Harry's life, but also as a feminist protagonist in her own right. Hermione represents the bookish knowledge, she knows the spells very well and also knows how to apply it. In the first and second part she represents the good virtues like, friendship, loyalty. In any kind of situation she stands for Harry.
Hermione is the perfect example when examining the feminist principles in the novels. Throughout the series she has many strengths and weaknesses, but she is mostly criticized about her weaknesses as a character. At some time she becomes concious about her look, which becomes very problematic from feminine perspective. 

Other female characters like Mrs. Weasley, who represents motherhood, caring nature. Ginny, Luna, ProMcGonagall, all has significant role, though they remains shallow under the patriarchal power.

2)      Discourse on the purity of Blood and Harry Potter

In Harry Potter, J. K. Rowling includes several issues like racism discourse of blood like wizard blood, muggle blood.


1)    Muggles (non-magical persons)
2)    Muggle-borns (witches/wizards with magical abilities but non- magical parents)
3)    half-bloods (witches/wizards who are not pure-blooded, but also not Muggle-born)
4)    purebloods (those with complete magical ancestry)
5)    Squibs (a non-magical child with magical parents


In the world of wizards Hermione portrayed as marginalized, she doesn't have pure-blood, her parents are muggles. She insulted many times by Draco Malfoy on the name of muggle blood.

Harry described as half-blood, because only his father belongs to wizard world, and her mother is not. Through the aspects of blood author satires on the American society, and the raises the question of racism. Ron Weasley, a pure blood and good friend of Hermione and Harry. So, here author makes possibilities that the intellectual and ability does not dependent on the race or cast.



3)      Confronting reality by reading fantasy

Fantasy narratives are normality used to stand for a peculiar world that is present and seeable in the society. As one of the best-selling fantasy novels in history J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the philosopher's Stone introduces one of the most loved and traditional hero in the character of Harry Potter. Harry is an ordinary orphaned male child who is first unaware of the complicated hereafter that awaits him in Howgarts' school of Witchcraft and wizardry.

In the series of Harry Potter, J. k. Rowling introduces the fantasy universe of Howgarts but the novel also beyond that fantasy because Rowling gives message of real universe like good and evil, love and death and adulthood, morality, power and politics. The fiction character of harry Potter is an 11 year old orphan life with his typical tough of a cousin Dudley Dursiey together with similarity cruel aunt and uncle. Petunia and Vernon Dursley. His charming destiny begins when he is summoned to the Howgarts's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry by the school master Albus Dumbledor. As he grows up faces his journey and adventures with his friends Hermione Gramger and Ron Weasley and learnt life lesson through different circumstances and also Rowling used many real things and event in the novel so we can see reality with fantasy elements.

4)      Self-Help culture and Harry Potter

Harry Potter has given many lessons which can make these books as self help books. For instance, finding happiness in dark times, doing duty honestly even if people don’t like you, recognize friend in disguise, loyalty, sacrifice, friendship, persistency, these all are the topics which can be taken as self help. But there is something more than this which make this books different from others self help cultured books. Those books asks to find reason of failure in one’s own self. It sooths the political agenda of government, who tells people that there is something lacking in you and not in the system. Harry Potter differs from these culture. Harry Potter teach us to question the authority. It teaches to doubt power also not only own self. It also teach us to fight against the power. We can take example of Dumbledore’s army, which was trained by Harry. That army was to fight against the Ministry of Magic. So it doesn’t sooths the agenda of government. It is rather teaching that question authority is betterment for society.

5)      The discourse of Power and Politics in Harry Potter

Whole Harry Potter series has the dynamics of power politics. Questioning authority is base of good democracy, but when power is not ready for criticism or in the name of reformation when power controls and separate people then they don’t accepts questions as something good, but rather they take it as disloyalty towards the authority. This started happening in Hogwarts also when government started interfering the education. Education is base of people. They learn to ask question when they are educating themselves. But when people from Ministry of Magic has become professor in school the atmosphere has started changing. Umbridge is a member of Ministry of Magic, she came in to education. Very first thing which she did was she started giving punishment for asking questions and started separating those who asks question. When fellow teachers ask her anything she accuse them of being disloyal to the authority. She has taken all the freedom of students. There are more restriction on students in the name of discipline. Whole Hogwarts has changed because of her large list of rules and strict application of those rules. This is how they have controlled the resistance.

 After all these things Voldemort is coming in to the power because the death eaters are now becoming professor at Hogwarts. Those professors has strictly act on the idea of Voldemort. That idea was of pure blood. They have started catching those who are not belongs to pure blood. This is how they make the non pure bloods, Others. On this idea of Others they have started killing muggles and half blood people. So this is how power politics works in the Harry Potter.

6)      Children’s Literature and Harry Potter

Harry Potter is one of the classic works in children's literature. J. K. Rowling's sharp wit, humour and imagination are unrivaled in children's literature. Rowling's Harry Potter is masterpiece children literature, she used magic and fantasy because it is said that we can explore many life lesson from children literature. Rowling explored reality through fantasy. We can connect our day today experiences with the characters of the novel. How to make our own decision, how to overcome our emotional attachment and be ready to  tackle ever problem of life. So, in this way we can say that Harry Potter series is for children to old age people.

7)      Speculative literature and Harry Potter

Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre encompassing fiction with elements that do not exist in the real world, often in the context of supernatural, futuristic or other imaginative themes. This includes, but is not limited to, science fiction, fantasy, superhero fiction, science fantasy, horror, utopian and dystopian fiction, supernatural fiction as well as combinations thereof. Hence, Harry Potter series also a speculative fiction we can say because it is full of imagination and fabtasy, there are imaginative world of magic which are do not exits in the real world. There many scientific elwment like many kind of liquids are used to change look. So, we can say the novel is best example of speculative fiction.

8)    The theme of Choice and Chance

"It is our choice, that show what we truly are, for more than our abilities” says Dumbledore. By and large Harry Potter series has been worked on idea of choice or better to say it has emphasised on choice. We can see that from the very beginning, from sorting hat to the Harry going in to the forest. The choice is the one which matters. There are phases where chance work more than choice, but choice is the one who dominate the narrative.

Voldemort has believed that his downfall is because of chance every time. He believed that it was chance that Harry happens to caught him or defeat him. But in the case of Harry it mostly a choice of Harry which had lead him to do, what he has able to do in the all series. May be Rowling wants to make magical world, which is not dominated by the fate. Things happens because people choose to act on them. If we talk about prophecies, then even it is not fate driven. Prophecies becomes true because characters choose to act according the prophecies. Harry’s mother choose to sacrifice her self for her son and that is why Harry is alive. Same way at the end Harry choose to sacrifice himself to protect the Hogwarts. Harry choose to let Voldemort apply killing charm on him. Because of that killing charm one horcrux which Voldemort has unknowingly left in inside Harry and that got destructed by Voldemort himself that was a chance. At some level chance is taking over choice. As in fourth part, “Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire” here name of Harry comes as pure chance and then he don’t even have choice to withdraw it. So here it is like one has to do something compulsory. But then in last two part Harry, Hermione and Ron choose to find every horcrux and destroy it, so here choice is more powerful then chance. This is how Harry Potter has theme of choice and chance.

9)      The theme of Love and Death

Love and death are the major themes in J. k. Rowling's fantasy novel and she also said that these series all about death and love. She justifies her point by presenting the characters of Ron and Hermione who are in love from the very beginning even they are fighting with each other. Further, the love between Harry and Dumbledore, Lily's love for Harry, harry's love for his friends, etc. In the other death also a crucial element in the novel. At the very beginning of the story we heart that Harry's parents have died, and in due course both we and Harry learn that they were murdered. The Shadow of death hangs over Harry; he learns that he, too, was intended to be a victim, but spared in a way no-one can explain. He narrowly escapes death again at the close of the first two books, and third is concerned with his pursuit by an escaped murderer. At the end of the fourth book, a school friend is killed before his eyes, and he himself barely escapes again. In the fifth book he loses his newly regained godfather, and in the sixth even his great and seemingly indestructible mentor, Dumbledore. Yes, death is a constant visitor to Harry's world.

10)   Moral and Philosophical reading of Harry Potter

Harry and Voldemort, different moral values. Harry's moral values becomes the weapon to defeat the Voldemort. In his acceptance of his mortality, “the boy who lived” is able more fully and wholly to live. Voldemort in the quest to be immortal he loses his moral values. In the end of many books Dumbuldore give Harry some kind of moral lessons like about love, choices, friendship.  Throughout the Harry Potter series there are two distinct types of characters, morally good and bad. On the good side there is characters such as, Harry, Hermione, Ron, Dumbledore. While on the bad side Draco, Umbridge, Voldemort. Those who are in the favour of good moral values they gain the love of readers.



11) Christianity and Harry Potter Series

Harry Potter series directly have no relation with Christianity. Many critics say that the novel is anti-christianity because there are many thing in the fiction are ant Christian like magic. Magic js abondon in Christianity so Rowling written an anti christian work. In addition, there is not any kind of church for prayer even the good fights with powerful evil force though they do not pray to God for survival. All the characters fights and save themselves without any divinity power. But there are couple of scenes which somehow connected with Christianity like Christmas celebration and after the death of Albus Dambledor we see the view like heaven. So, at last we can say that Harry Potter is ant Christian fiction.

12) What is your opinion on this:

As per the Mitchel Foucault's theory "Power and Knowledge. J. K. Rowling similarly conveys the message that question the power because what is written is not always true in the post truth era. These lines by Rowling is also relevant in the present era, we see in many political leaders and media who keep on speaking lies for remaining in the power and also there are many speeches or write fake history. So, we have to cross check everything rather than follow blindly.

Harry Potter, the novel conveys the message which is don't like by reader and many who watched the movie. Because protagonist, the half blood wins over the pure blood, which can be not digest. And what can be assume about media and press it can not  be truth also. 

work cited :

http://chintavan.blogspot.com/2017/03/webquest-harry-potter-think-and-write.html?m=1

https://harrypotter.fandom.com/wiki/Pure-blood

carolyn. Analysis of sexism in harry Potter. 21 October 2017. 14 March 2019 <https://ahundredthousandstories.wordpress.com/2017/10/21/an-analysis-sexism-in-harry-potter/>.

Dewan, Pauline. Harry Potter and the . 14 March 2019 <https://childliterature.net/childlit/fantasy/harry.html>.

Fassler, Joe. Confronting Reality by Reading Fantasy. 5 August 2014. 14 March 2019 <https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/08/going-home-with-cs-lewis/375560/>.

Harry Potter Self-Help. 25 April 2015. 14 March 2019 <https://psychobabblechat.com/2015/04/25/harry-potter-self-help/>.

Love, Samantha. The Politics of Harry Potter: Corrupt Law and Totalitarian Government. 23 May 2014. 14 March 2019 <https://www.oxford-royale.co.uk/articles/harry-potter-law.html>.

Mahoney, Kelli. Should Christians Be Reading "Harry Potter?". 5 March 2019. 14 march 2019 <https://www.thoughtco.com/should-christians-be-reading-harry-potter-712316>.

Paul, Megan. Blood purity in Harry Potter. 22 december 2018. 14 March 2019 <https://geeks.media/blood-purity-in-harry-potter>.

RAGSDALE, MELISSA. 6 Meaningful Lessons Hidden In Harry Potter. 6 January 2016. 14 March 2019 <https://www.bustle.com/articles/132784-6-meaningful-lessons-hidden-in-harry-potter>.

Sipal, S. P. beast chaser forum. 22 July 2011. 14 March 2019 <http://harrypotterforwriters.blogspot.com/2011/07/circling-home-to-theme.html>.

Spilsbury, Paul. Love and death in Harry Potter. 3 April 2006. 14 March 2019 <https://www.hp-lexicon.org/2006/04/03/love-and-death-in-harry-potter/>.

Talk with Dr. JAY MEHTA on journalism...

on 15th January ,2019 a surprise session because we have earlier also taken session by sir on previous sem. On poe’s short-stories but it is also something different than the previous .

In the session of mass media & communication , he delivered some basic knowledge about media, its development from the ancient time & now present situation.
Before starting the session sir says that ,
“Patrkaratva e utavle sarjatu sahitya che”
There are total 6 sources of mass media :-
I.            Radio
II.            Television
III.            Cinema
IV.            Advertisement
V.            Newspaper
VI.            Digital media

§  You know what in this all 6 media’s the oldest   one or we can says print media . there are 3 pillars ..
§   judiciary ,
§   parliament
§  , army , and
§    last 4th is media

THERE IS ONE FAMOUS POEM BY DUSHYANTKUMAR –
HO RHI HAI PIR PARVAT SI PIGHALNI CHAHIE ,
IS HIMALAYA SE KOI GANGA NIKALNI CHAHIYE – YUGANTAR

Dimensions are changed from ancient – modern. In earlier time tere were only one tv channel ‘ durdarshan’  theire is one barrier , if we want to watch you have to wait for the broadcasting of series whole day and  there are some specific time during night the final red , yellow strips began than programme came. Now, the things have move forward, because of modernization .now we don’t have to wait for  signals . there are numbers of channels . we can choose whatever want to watch.  But from some years, we can see that in tis time there are many applications in mobiles we find that replaced TV and so, for that much peoples are prefer to use other devices , like in tablets , mobile and i-pad rather to watch in TV because in this time peoples are busy with hustle –bustle of schedule of life . so, that whenever they are  free or get chance to , want entertainment , they can operate in their mobile devices and there is many options , we can download and see afterwards , we can also see previous episodes, shaws,etc . that was te beneficial part of this new technology .
KEVALKUMAR(LIG)-
LIBRALIZATION , TECHNOLOGY, GLOBLIZATION
Religion is opium –Karl Marx
FILM – RAN is satire of media & globalization

Radio ….
            First ‘hem radio’ – natural calamities (sos) messages gave
Next ‘vividh-bahrti’ , all India ,BBC- BRITISH BROADCASTING CHANNEL
THIS Above mentioned are older factors of radio platform but now in today’s world the new dimensions emerged. Earlier there were akaswani station were so many programs come but now , we can find that peoples move towards radio because there are more new platforms like , radio-mirchi, and applications  for songs and this is now not only for the songs and all old type where only news and songs come. But also there are interviews and promotions of new upcoming movies also held . interviews , etc. the more famous in this area  RJ DEVKI, RJ AKASH, RJ DHVANIT , They also interact with the youth and they get to know that what new youth want and they also did their best .

Next,   Advertising And Management
This is play of words
Teaching ,content writing , media writing , anchoring ,event manager
For ex.  Madhur bhandarkar’s film ‘CORPORATE” BASED ON ‘ Coca-cola ‘  NEXT example prasun joshi also made advertisements .


Cinema plays a vital role in communication. In ancient time it’s  mainly focused upon entertainment . first silent film “ Alam Ara”  opens door of theaters . after this one kind of revolution happen , from that there is shift from silent to audio visual , black & white to colorful films. Earlier womens not allowed to tack play roles in films because it is consider as something low level . but films are not only for entertainment . it carries serious social issues, which focusing on the gap between rich-poor class .in new era , modern time , there is much focus on the middle class.

So, this are something which deal with sir in interactive session held . it also pleasure to attain lectures bye sir because he creates aura which has strong power which attracts me not move anywhere .
At the end I would like to thanks #Dr. jay Mehta sir for giving us precious time and this *knowledge and # Dr. dilipbarad sir who time and again call this such scholars which  make us more energetic and put more enthusiasm ……

Talk with an author Dr. Vishal Bhadani

On January 1, 2019, Dilip sir, organized the guest Lacture of Vishal Bhadani. He talked about the short stories 'Fictional' and its importance in the lives of its ordinary people. Vishal Sir read his two stories and also gave tips for writing short stories or any work.

I had read three short stories of 'Fictional' which is Mara Hath ni Vat nathi. This storie is relate to middle class people.

(1)Mara Hath ni wat nathi :-

The writer covers all the basics in this story, but the title itself is challenging. The writer connects the problems of society with different parts of the hand. Plate, Finger, Thumb etc. It connects various parts of the hand with various items, Buddha, Lord Vishnu, Devi Lakshmi, Vasco da Gama etc. In this way the author uses a lot of symbols in his work.

Translation: -

After a short story session, there is a translation session in which Vishal Sir spoke about job opportunities in the translation sector. Translation is very hard and great work as well. We have done one of the translations of the phrase.

In this way, we get knowledge about writing short stories and getting translations.

Net ~ Set class by Vedant sir..

On 23rd January ,2019 in Department of English MKBU we have NET class by Vedant pandya sir. He introduce us to paper 1 of NET. The syllabus is changed now and he explained about 10 unit of paper.

He gives some clue for getting good job as below:-

A) logic is needed for getting good job.
B) Use data -Tale it differently and conclude it with difference.
C) There is certain leadership capacity is required

Then he explained about education system and the structure of institute. Higher education system follow this type of institution structure.
Self finance college, Grant in at college, Government college, Constituents, State and public University.


He also  explained about the transfer system and salary of above institution structure.
There is some tradisional and specialized university also. Shri Govind Guru University, Godhra and Bhakt kavi Narsinh  Mehta University, Junagadh are the traditional universities.
Then he gave information about some other university like Teaching and research sector-Children University, Police defence University, some Sports University and about some private Universities also.

 These all information is very helpful for us. This is a very helpful section for NET preparation.

Interaction with France Professors..

Friday, 8 February 2019

Today I can say about our department. Many national and international professors are visiting our department and it's all about possible because of our professor and head of department respected barad sir.                      

First the both professors were came from university of Lorraine, France.. They talking about many current issues in the world and also observed the male female graduation ratio.some students were asked many questions and they both were given answers very patiently. Here I observed one thing that they both were not well in speaking English language but they tried hard and after all Englsh language is became a bridge between they and our.

 In the end I say that the session was very inresting and very fruitful...We all thanks for this department which gives many opportunities to meet many known and unknown things and many activities are done by us.......                              

Thinking activity - ON@CC

Thinking activity - ON@CC

***What do you understand by Self-help book ? Is On@cc is self-help book ? Illustrate.

~Self - Help means self - guided improvement - economically , intellectually or emotionally, often with a substantial psychological basis. A self - help book is one that is written with the intention to instruct its readers on solving personal problems.

In starting of the book questions like..
# One thing I fear ,
# One thing that makes me angry ,

God or Inner call that about intelligence to show self - confidence or failure in life. Remember the 'Reverse Gear' and friendship with adversity.

We have to finds solution for problem. In the novel characters finds solutions for thier problems. Thus it is self-help book.

***Comment on Narrative structure of the Novel. Compare it with that of Life of Pi.

~One night@ call center was taken place when author on a train journey from Kanpur to Delhi at that time he meets one beautiful girl. After some conversation she tells the story to the author. She also make a condition that he will write it.

When author makes a story he puts shyam mehra as the narrator and protagonist. In story representation of God  to direct all the characters. So, it can be said that entire story is dream sequence of author like God or beautiful lady.

Yan Martel' s ' Life of Pi ' have same narrative like on@cc . Same beginning like story from the person who is also character in the story. First person narration in both the novel. Narration of God and experience with God of characters that all are similar narratives.

***Does the novel have social realism ?

~In the Novel , Human relations, love, sex, marriage and sociable characters all represent reality of society. Anxiety and reflection of rising Indian middle class , question about career , marriage , family conflicts and relationships aspirations and problem of young generation all represents social reality.

***How far can this novel be categorised as Cyberpunk ?

~Cyberpunk is a literary genre.It is subgenre of science fiction. Information technology, such programs like Microsoft office. We can find some aspects of cyberpunk in the novel. People are working in call centre, which is related with cyber technology. In Microsoft word there is a bug which is a strategy to blackmail the Americans, operation Yankee fear.

***What is popular Literature ? Is On@cc is popular Literature ? Illustrare.

~Popular Literature not deals with abstract problem. It takes moral principles as the given accepting certain generalized ideas and values as it's base. It represents common - sense values , does not raise or answer abstract questions. They represent on the whole, an instinctive or traditional, rather than a highly reflective, philosophy of life.

Presentation Paper no 10 : American Literature

Old man and_the_sea_reflection_in_bollywood_movies_[1] from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 11 Post colinial Literature

Mulatto [1] from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no 12 : ELT

Audio lingual method[1] from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no 9 : Modernist Literature

Comparison lily briscoe_with_real_life_lily_briscoe[1] from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 1 The Ranessance Literature

Comparision between the novel of 'Hamlet' and 'The Old Man And The Sea' from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 2 Neoclassical Litarature...

Paper 2 from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 3 Litarary Theory & Criticism

Wordsworth's Preface... from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 4 IWE

Sir Aurobindo's view on Indian culture from Vijay Makwana

Presentation Paper no : 5 Romantic Literature

Life amd work of William Wordsworth from Vijay Makwana

Assignment paper no 12 : TPR (Total Physical Response)

Name : Makwana Vijay K.
Sem : 3
Roll no. : 34
Email Id : vijaykm7777@gmail.com
Enrollment no. : 2069108420180035
Submitted to : Department of English MKBU
Topic : (TPR)  Total Physical Response.
Introduction :
(TPR) Total physical response is a language teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor emeritus of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors or teacher give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions. The method is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching. The listening and responding serves two purposes: It is a means of quickly recognizing the meaning in language being learned, and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. Grammar is not taught but can be learned from the language input. TPR is a valuable way to learn vocabulary, tenses, especially idiomatic terms, e.g., phrasal verbs.
The developed TPR as a result of his experiences observing young children learning their first language. He noticed that interaction between parents and children often took the form of speech from the parent followed by a physical response from the child. Asher made three hypotheses based on his observations: first, that language is learned primarily by listening; second, that language learning must engage the right hemisphere of the brain; and third, that learning language should not involve any stress. Total physical response is often used alongside other methods and techniques. It is popular with beginners and with young learners, although it can be used with students of all levels and all age groups.
Principles of TPR :
Total physical response is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching and learning. Methods in the comprehension approach emphasize the importance of listening to language development, and do not require spoken output in the early stages of learning. In total physical response, students are not forced to speak. Instead, teachers wait until students acquire enough language through listening that they start to speak spontaneously. At the beginning stages of instruction students can respond to the instructor in their native language. While the majority of class time in total physical response is spent on listening comprehension, the ultimate goal of the method is to develop oral fluency. Asher sees developing listening comprehension skills as the most efficient way of developing spoken language skills. Lessons in TPR are organized around grammar, and in particular around the verb. Instructors issue commands based on the verbs and vocabulary to be learned in that lesson
How can I use it in class :~
In the classroom the teacher plays the role of parent like mother. She starts by saying a word ('jump') or a phrase ('look at the board') and showing an action. The teacher then says the command and the students all do the action. After repeating a few times it is possible to extend this by asking the students to repeat the word as they do the action. When they feel confident with the word or phrase you can then ask the students to direct each other or the whole class. It is more effective if the students are standing in a circle around the teacher and you can even encourage them to walk around as they do the action.
TPR can be used to teach and practice so many things as :
1) Vocabulary connected with actions like smile, anger, chop, headache and other
2) Grammatical items including tenses past/present /future /continuous. Example like : I completed my homework in last night, I wrap-up in 7 am. I so tired because last night I do my work and sleep at 2:45 AM.
3) Classroom language like open your books and try to read lesson no 4.
4) Imperative instructions like stand up, sit down, I open your book, close your eyes, etc.
5) Storytelling : It can be adapted for all kinds of teaching situations, you just need to use your imagination!
Why should I use it in the classroom :~
It is a lot of fun, students enjoy it and it can be a real easy to understand in the class. It lifts the pace and the mood. It is very memorable. It really helps students to remember phrases or words, sentence and vocabulary. It is good for kinaesthetic learners who need to be active in the class. It can be used in large or small classes. It doesn't really matter how many students you have as long as you are prepared to take the lead, the students will follow.
It works well with mixed-ability classes. The physical actions get across the meaning effectively so that all the students are able to understand and use the target language. It doesn't require a lot of preparation or materials. As long as you are clear what you want to practise, it won't take a lot of time to get ready. It is very effective with teenagers and young learners. It involves both left- and right-brained learning.
Teaching English through actions, Total Physical Response :~
Total Physical Response is the name given to a learning strategy .The basic technique of  TPR is simple. Learners act out commands given by the teacher or their fellow lik later stage. These commands, or series of commands, are simple at the beginning (stand up, sit down), but after some time they may become more complex.
Firstly of all TPR method create the positive thinking which facilitates the student to involve in the learning process. It can develop not only motivation but also the aim of students in learning. This method is very easy and the usage of the language contains of action games ,that’s why it can help student to learn fast and effectively. Secondly , students can memorize the vocabulary by looking at the action even through the vocabulary is not translated .
Teaching materials :~
Total physical response lessons typically use many variety and kind like : posters, and props. Teaching materials are not compulsory to use but as teacher like to use than teacher use it, and for the very first lessons they may not be used. As students progress in ability the teacher may begin to use objects found in the classroom such as furniture or books, and later may use word charts, pictures, and props. There are a number of specialized TPR teaching products available, including student kits developed by Asher and an interactive CD-ROM for students to practice with privately.
Advantages of TPR :~
1) When I use TPR, first I get the students to do the actions and then I do them and drill the students to give them an opportunity to practise making the sounds. They are then ready to give commands to each other.
2) Teacher try to palyed some game like to play is to organize the students into a circle around me, I say the word and the last person to do the action is out. This person then stands behind me and watches for the student who does the action last. Eventually there is only one student, she is the winner.
3) It is fun and easy learning and understand the words, vocabulary and other things. It lifts the pace and the mood. Students like this method because it is enjoyable and creative that's why students like this method. Teacher and students feel enthusiasm and learn with fun.
4) It does not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the teacher. Teacher are not prepared more because it's easy to teach this method. Teacher is easy to handle whole class.
5) It is a good tool for learning vocabulary. This is the effective teaching method to teach and sepret the words, vocabulary and tenses. It is very effective with teenagers and young learners.
6)Class size does not need to be a problem. Teacher easy to maintain big or small class.
7)There is no age barrier. Anybody applying this mathod to teaching and learning because it's easy to learn and easy to teach.
8) It is good for all the learners who are active in the class. Teacher teach a new lesson that if student active in class that he/she easily understand the topic and task.
9) It works well with the mixed-ability classes, teacher give task to all participants. The physical action get across the meaning effectively so that all learners are able to comprehend and apply the target language.
Disadvantages TPR :~
1) Students who are not used to such things might find it embarrassing. This can be the case initially but I have found that if the teacher is prepared to perform the actions, the students feel happier about copying. Also the students are in groups and don't have to perform for the whole class. This pleasure is reserved for the teacher.
2)It is only really suitable for beginner levels. TPR method only teach between small students it's not effect to teach higer class students. Used only kg students that's why it is not widely useful in highschool students.
3) It is clear that it is far more useful at lower levels because the target language lends itself to such activities I have also used it successfully with Intermediate and Advanced levels. You need to adapt the language accordingly. For example, it helped me to teach 'ways of walking' to an advanced class and cooking verbs to intermediate students.
4) It is not a very creative method. Students are not given the opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in a creative way. This method is to learn words, vocabulary and tense. This is a basically things which we learn in our kg time, and also this method isn't creative because teacher try to teach with use of his action, voice, sign, and movement that's why students not give his experiences about teaching.
5) It is easy to overuse TPR.
6) It is limited, since everything cannot be explained with this method. It must be combined with other approaches. In my view it'snot to teach foreign language because it is the difficult technic to teach English language. It's not teach between this TPR method, it's only learn to frist stage of learning like learning words, vocabulary, sentence, structure and tenses.
You can't teach everything with it and if used a lot it would become repetitive. I completely agree with this but it can be a successful and fun way of changing the dynamics and pace of a lesson used in conjunction with other methods and techniques.

Work site :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_physical_response
https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/total-physical-response-tpr

Assignment paper no 11 : Hybridity

Name : Makwana Vijay K.
Sem : 3
Roll no. : 34
Email Id : vijaykm7777@gmail.com
Enrollment no. : 2069108420180035
Submitted to : Department of English MKBU
Topic : Hybridity in Post-Colonial discourse

Introduction Hybridity :

Hybridity is to make the new species, in its simple sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the 19th century. It's contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture. Hybridity is used in discourses about race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization, developed from its roots as a biological term.

Unlike a Mulatto, Hybridity is acceptable in society and religion, and mulatto is not acceptable in some case because it's a mixture of blach father and white mother and white father and black mother. That's why some people can't accepted in society and religion. Hybridity is a cross between two separate races, animals, technologies, plants or cultures. A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply like mixture. Hybridity isn't a new cultural or historical phenomenon. It has been a feature of all civilizations since time immemorial, from the Sumerians throught the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans to the present. Both ancient and modern civilizations have, through trade and conquests, borrowed foreign ideas, philosophies this thing hybridity, and sciences, thus producing hybrid cultures and societies. The term hybridity itself is not a modern thing. It was common among the Greeks and Romans. In Latin hybrida or ibreda refers to "the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar," and by extention to the progeny of a Roman men and a non-Roman women.

The word hybridity was in use in English at the early 17th century and gained popular currency in the 19th century. Charles Darwin used this term in 1837 in reference to his experiments in cross-fertilization in plants. The concept of hybridity was fraught with negative connotations from its incipience. The Greeks and Romans borrowed extensively from other civilizations, the Egyptians and Persians in particular, and creating ipso facto hybridized cultures, but regarded unfavourably biological hybridity.
 Aristotle, Plato and Pericles were all opposed to racial mixing between Greeks and "barbarians" and viewed biological hybridity as a source of racial degeneration and social disorder. Similarly, within the Roman Empire, which is considered as one of the most multi-ethnic empires, cultural difference was usually integrated into the predominant culture, whereas biological hybridity was condemned.

Hybridity became a useful tool in forming a fearful discourse of racial mixing that arose toward the end of the 18th century. Pseudo~scientific model of anatomy and craniometry was used to argue that Africans, Asians, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders were racially inferior to European peoples. Hybrids were seen as an aberration, worse than the inferior races, a weak and diseased mutation. Hybridity as a concern for racial purity responds clearly to the zeitgeist of colonialism where, despite the backdrop of the humanitarian age of enlightenment, social hierarchy was beyond contention as was the position of Europeans at its summit. The social transformations that followed the ending of colonial mandate, rising immigretion, and economic liberalization profoundly altered the use and understanding of the term hybridity it's concept.

Hybridity in post-colonial discourse :
The term hybridity has become one of the most recurrent concepts in postcolonial cultural criticism. It is meant to foreclose the diverse forms of purity encompassed within essentialist  theories. Homi Bhabha is the leading contemporary critic who has tried to disclose the contradictions inherent in colonial discourse in order to highlight the colonizer’s ambivalence in respect to his position toward the colonized Other. The simple presence of the colonized Other within the textual structure is enough evidence of the ambivalence of the colonial text, an ambivalence that destabilizes its claim for absolute authority or unquestionable authenticity.

Homi Bhabha considers the confusion and hollowness that resistance produces in the minds of such imperialist authors as Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling, and E. M. Forster. But while Nairn sees their colonialist grandiose rhetoric as disproportionate to the real decadent economic and political situation of late Victorian England, Bhabha goes as far as to see this imperial delirium forming gaps within the English text, gaps which are the signs of a discontinuous history, an estrangement of the English book. They mark the disturbance of its authoritative representations by the uncanny forces of race, sexuality, violence, cultural and even climatic differences which emerge in the colonial discourse as the mixed and split texts of hybridity. If the English book is read as a production of hybridity, then it no longer simply commands authority.
Hybridity is fundamentally associated with the emergence of post-colonial discourse and its critiques of cultural imperialism. It is the second stage in the history of hybridity, characterized by literature and theory that study the effects of mixture (hybridity) upon identity and culture. The principal theorists of hybridity are Homi Bhabha, Néstor García Canclini, Stuart Hall, Gayatri Spivak, and Paul Gilroy, whose works respond to the multi-cultural awareness that emerged in the early 1990s.
In the theoretical development of hybridity, the key text is The Location of Culture, by Homi Bhabha, where in the liminality of hybridity is presented as a paradigm of colonial anxiety. The principal proposition is the hybridity of colonial identity, which, as a cultural form, made the colonial masters ambivalant, and such altered the authority of power; as such, Bhabha's arguments are important to the conceptual discussion of hybridity. Hybridity demonstrates how cultures come to be represent by process of iteration and translation through which their meanings are different address to through an other. This contrasts any "essentialist claims for the inherent authenticity or purity of cultures which, when inscribed in the naturalistic sign of symbolic consciousness and subconsciousness frequently become political arguments for the hierarchy and ascendary of powerful cultures."

The colonial subject is located in a place of hybridity, its identity formed in a space of iteration and translation by the colonise and colonizer. Bhabha emphasizes that "the discriminatory effects of the discourse of cultural colonialism, for instance, do not simply or singly refer to a ‘person’...or to a discrimination between mother culture and alien culture…the reference of discrimination is always to a processes of spliting as the condition of subjection: a discrimination between the mother and its bastards, the self and its doubles, where the trace of what is disavowed is not repressed but repeated as something different—a mutation." 

Just like mimicry, hybridity is a metonymy of presence. Hybridity open up a space, figuratively speaking, where the construction of a political object that is new, neither the colonizer nor the Other, properly defies our political expectations. However, like Bhabha's concept of mimicry, hybridity is a doubling, dissembling image of being in at least two places at once. This turn in the effect of hybridity makes the presence of colonist authority no longer immediately visible. Bhabha includes interpretations of hybridity in postcolonial discourse. One is that he sees hybridity as a strategic reversal of the process domination through disavowal. Hybridity reevaluates the assumption of colonial identity though the repetition of discriminatory identity effects. In this way, hybridity can unsettle the narcissist demands of colonial power, but reforms its identifications in strategies of subversion that turn the gaze of the discriminated back upon the colonist. Therefore, with this interpretation, hybridity represents that ambivalent ‘turn’ of the subject into the anxiety-causing object of "paranoid classification a disturbing questioning of the images and presences of authority".

The hybrid retains the actual semblance of the authoritative symbol but reforms its presence by denying it as the signifier of disfigurement after the intervention of difference. In turn, mimicry is the effect of hybridity. First, the metonymy of presence supports the authoritarian voyeurism, but then as discriminate turn into the assertion of the hybrid, the sign of authority becomes a mask, a mockery.The original, theoretic development of hybridity addressed the narratives of cultural imperialism, Bhabha's work also comprehends the cultural politics of the condition of being "a migrant" in the contemporary metropolis. Yet hybridity no longer is solely associated with migrant populations and with border towns, it also applies contextually to the flow of cultures and their interactions.

Critical view of Post~Colonial hybridity theory :
Bhabha’s writing The Location of Culture, the concept of “hybridity” has become somewhat controversial and has been subjected to critique within the field of postcolonial theory. Some critics like Antony Easthope engages directly with Bhabha in their critique. Easthope argues that Bhabha’s concept of hybridity relies too strongly on presenting hybrid cultures or identities  as existing as adversarial to a nonhybrid cultures or identities, which Easthope does not see existing in reality.
Other critics are skeptical not so much of Bhabha’s specific theory, but of the way the theory has come to be understood and integrated into postcolonial study. R. Radhakrishnan critiques hybridity on the grounds that, like much postcolonial theory, it is the product of First World thinkers, and as such, the theories may still be linked to cultural imperialism. Radhakrishnan raises an interesting question about the value Western society gives to certain kinds of hybridity: “For example, why is it more fashionable and/or acceptable to transgress Islam towards a secular constituency rather than the other way around? Why do Islamic forms of hybridity, such as women wearing veils and attending western schools…encounter resistance and ridicule?”. Other critics like Anjali Prabhu, argue that the political claims of hybridity need to be tested in the real world, not just championed theoretically.

Many critiques about the concept of hybridity seem to primarily take issue with its oversimplification and overuse, and with its applications as a merely descriptive term, not a framework for productive analysis. One of the primary arguments from critics such as Radhakrishnan, Drichel and Steven G. Yao is that “hybridity,” initially conceived of as a challenge to pre-existing categorical descriptions of people and culture, has itself become a fixed, stable, simplified reduction of culture. This critique, however, is really targeted toward misapplications of Bhabha’s theory, as Drichel explains that within Bhabha’s writing, “’hybridity is not a third term that resolves the tension between two cultures’ but rather one that holds the tension of the opposition and explores the spaces in-between fixed identities through their continuous reiterations”.

The concept of hybridity will undoubtedly continue to be negotiated and rearticulated moving forward. The primary caution or concern with using the term is allowing it to become a fixed, stable identity descriptor itself, rather than employing it, as Bhabha does, to refer to a field or space of productive play between cultures. To use an analogy, hybridity is not the end result of mixing colors of paint, but instead, hybridity is the space of the palette, where combinations and negotiations of colors can be adjusted and altered.

Conclusion :
We see the hybridity is concept of creation and make new things, also shows the world and people also accepted hybrid aspects like animal, plants, technology and other things. Hybridty is the connection between creation and mixture. Post~Colonial hybridity shows change in hybridization and economic change.

Work cite :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridity
https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/21/mimicry-ambivalence-and-hybridity/
https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/hybridity-and-comics/hybridity/critiques-of-hybridity/